Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials

Plain-language summary

This comprehensive narrative review assessed Thymosin Alpha 1 (Tα1) across more than 30 clinical studies involving over 11,000 human subjects, focusing on its applications in COVID-19, autoimmune conditions, and cancer treatment. The review highlighted Tα1's immunomodulatory properties, including its ability to promote T cell maturation, reverse T cell exhaustion, and alleviate cytokine storms. The authors noted that while evidence is promising in certain contexts, larger and more rigorously designed trials are needed to establish efficacy across indications.